Other Waste
Poultry farming is the rearing of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, duck, goose etc. for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.
Classification of Poultry Farms:
- Small (5,000-25,000 birds)
- Medium (above 25,000– 1, 00,000 birds)
- Large (above 1, 00,000 birds)
Types of Poultry Farming:
- Breeder Farms– Produce fertilized eggs for layer or broiler farms.
- Hatchery Farms– Eggs are hatched for 21 days and supplied to broiler farms or layer forms.
- Layer Farms- Egg laying hens are reared for egg production.
- Broiler– Broiler birds are raised especially for meat production for 40 to 45 days or up to weight gain of 2.5 to 3.0 kg.
Classification of Poultry Farms:
- Small (5,000-25,000 birds)
- Medium (above 25,000– 1,00,000 birds)
- Large ( above 1,00,000 birds)
Major Environmental Issues in Poultry Farms:
- Disposal of dead birds.
- Disposal of litter / poultry manure.
- Gaseous emissions and feed mill dust.
- Waste water from cleaning operations.
Essential Siting Criteria
- 500 m from residential zone.
- 100m from major water sources.
- 100m from National Highway and 50 m from State Highway.
- 10-15m from rural roads / internal roads.
- 10 m distance should be maintained between Poultry Farm and Poultry shed.
Guidelines for Poultry Waste Management
Highlights of Revised Environmental Guidelines for Poultry Waste issued by CPCB dated January, 2022 as per Hon’ble NGT directions dated 10.12.2021 in the matter of O.A. No. 320 /2021.
(i) Regulatory Mechanism for Poultry Farms:
- Applicable to all Poultry Farms.
- Poultry Farms with birds above 25,000 shall obtain Consent to establish (CTE) and Consent to operate (CTO) under Air and Water Act.
- Poultry Farms with birds above 5,000 shall obtain CTE and CTO under Air and Water Act after 01.01.2023.
- Poultry Farms are categorized under “Green Category”.
- Department of Animal Husbandry shall assist the Poultry Farm owners in implementation of guidelines.
- Vide Hon’ble Supreme Court order dated 28.04.2023, Hon’ble NGT directions dated 10.12.2021 (O.A No. 320/2021: Gauri Maulekhi Vs. Union of India & Ors., “poultry farms handling above 5,000 birds at single location shall also obtain consent to establish (CTE) and consent for operate (CTO) under the water Act, 1974 & Air Act 1981 from State Pollution Control Board / Pollution Control Committee w.e.f 01.01.2023.” until further order shall remain stayed.
(ii) Poultry Waste Management
- Solid Waste Management
- (i)Composting: Composting by mixing manure with carbon rich materials like rice husk, paddy straw etc.
- (ii)Vermi -composting: As per study conducted by ICAR- DPR, Hyderabad, compost made from poultry manure can be easily converted into vermin compost , by adding good quality earthworms within 80 days time period.
- (iii) Bio-methanation: Poultry waste including manure can be converted to biogas efficiently, with prior filtration of Ammonia and calcium content in poultry manure. Biogas plants are not recommended for broiler farms.
(iii) Disposal of dead birds: Dead birds may be disposed of by
- (i) Burial method: Burial pit shall be of min. 3-4 m deep and 0.8 to 1.2 m wide, provided with cover. Carcasses shall be covered by a thin layer of soil (40 cm deep) along with calcium hydroxide.
- (ii) Composting: Composting of dead birds shall be carried out in well designated places with permanent roof and concrete floor and shall be secured by link mesh wall around to prevent predation.
(iv) Waste Water Management
- Waste water shall be collected in holding tanks and shall be utilized in green belt. Disinfectants shall be preferred to minimize generation of waste water.
Air emissions and Feed mill dust
- Well designed storage facilities should be provided to contain manure / litter.
- Proper ventilation and free flow of air over manure collection points should be ensured to keep it dry.
- Dust collector systems should be installed to control emissions from mixing and grinding section of feed mill.
- Provision of vehicle tyre dip at entry point shall be made.
- Floor of feed mill shall be raised above ground level by min. 2 feet and it should be concrete.
- Dead birds should be collected daily and disposed of properly as briefed above.